[14], During the October 34 battle SNA forces would also fight alongside hundreds of irregulars or "volunteers" as referred to by U.S. Special Envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley, composed mostly of untrained civilians-turned-combatants, many of whom were women and children who had grievances against UNOSOM troops. He had nearly been beaten to death, only to be captured by Yusuf Dahir Mo'alim. forces. Soldiers Killed in Somalia: Africa: Clinton pledges 'appropriate action.' [74][77], Despite the substantial array of heavier weaponry in its stockpiles, none were utilized during the October 34 battle. [80] 10 minutes later, the roads surrounding the Olympic Hotel were covered with militia and nearly sealed. [73][74][100] The SNA's objective was not to achieve a tactical military victory against the Americans and UNOSOM, but to sap their will to continue fighting and force a complete disengagement from Somalia. "[14] In Losing Mogadishu: Testing US Policy in Somalia, Johnathan Stevenson argued that the Americans had not recognized that, much like the North Vietnamese guerillas, the Somali National Alliance was deliberately executing a military philosophy of attrition in order to achieve victory in spite of a high kill ratio, knowing they could absorb far more losses than the Americans would be able to tolerate. [154], Malaysian film Bakara, directed by Adrian Teh, retells the story of Malaysian contingent of UNOSOM II involvement during the rescue operation in the battle. [86] Lead by the MH-6 Little Birds, an armada of sixteen helicopters took off from the airport to make the approximately four minute flight to the target site. "[15][38] Black Hawk Down author Mark Bowden, after a series of interviews with Adm. Howe, would note that he disputed Howe's assertion that the clan elders had been meeting at another location. Seven months after the deployment of U.S. troops to Somalia, on 5 June 1993, the U.N. suffered its worst loss of its peacekeepers in decades when the Pakistani contingent was attacked while inspecting an SNA weapons storage site. The Battle of Mogadishu (Somali: Maalintii Rangers, lit. [15] To the Habr Gidr, including the former moderates and even other clans that had opposed them during the civil war, the raid marked the beginning of war with the American contingent, which would culminate in the Battle of Mogadishu three months later. The US Army upgraded the awards of 60 special operators who were involved in Operation Gothic Serpent, specifically the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, a fight commonly known as the "Black Hawk Down . In August 1994, the U.N. requested that the U.S. lead a coalition to aid in the final withdrawal of the UNOSOM II forces from Somalia. [24] Some estimates placed the amount of food aid being stolen at 80 percent, while other estimates claimed a far lower estimate of 20 percent. Several children were locked alone in the bathroom until soldiers let them rejoin their mothers, who would later allege that they had been handcuffed by the Americans. [139], Fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia shaped U.S. policy in subsequent years, with many commentators identifying the Battle of Mogadishu's graphic consequences as the key reason behind the U.S.'s decision to not intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The battle was fought between a United States Special Forces team and Somali rebels loyal to the self-proclaimed Somalian president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid. An in-depth analysis of the battle reveals that if some of the decisions were made with a better. In the end, 19 American soldiers were killed, including six Delta Force operators, and 73 were wounded. In the morning, a UNOSOMII armored convoy fought their way to the besieged soldiers and withdrew, incurring further casualties but eventually rescuing the survivors. [61] The attack had not been the first time that September that Somali militia had managed to hit helicopters with RPG fire, but it was the first time they had used the tactic to take one down and the event was a propaganda victory for the SNA. This situation would be further exacerbated by the hijacking of aid convoys and supplies. [23], On 5 June 1993 Aidid's militia and Somali citizens at Radio Mogadishu attacked the Pakistani force that had been tasked with the inspection of an arms cache located at the station, out of fear that the United Nations forces had been sent to shut down the SNAs broadcast infrastructure. Former Deputy Commander of Delta Force from June 1990 to July 1991. [14], At the time, the battle caused the most significant loss of U.S. troops since the Vietnam War. October 7 [161], In March 2013, two survivors from Task Force Ranger returned to Mogadishu with a film crew to shoot a short film, Return to Mogadishu: Remembering Black Hawk Down, which debuted in October 2013 on the 20th anniversary of the battle. Their first two requests to be inserted were denied, but they were finally granted permission after their third and final request came following the news of the ambush on the QRF troops attempting to leave the airfield. [136] Critics claim that Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda provided support and training to Mohammed Farrah Aidid's forces. Within a month or so, however, by May 1993, it became clear that, although a signatory to the March Agreement, Mohammed Farrah Aidid's faction would not cooperate in the Agreement's implementation. [25] Between 1991 and 1992 an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people died from starvation and another 1.5 million people suffered from it. [27][28] According to an estimate made in November 1994 by the Washington-based Refugee Policy Group NGO, approximately 100,000 lives were saved as a result of international assistance, 10,000 of which had been saved following the deployment of U.S. troops in December 1992. Wounded by shrapnel from an RPG whilst recovering a severely wounded Malaysian soldier on the rescue convoy. Men die when vehicle hits land mine in area dominated by supporters of warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid", "These Secret Helicopters Were Flown By A Shadowy Unit During The Battle of Mogadishu", "Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent", "3 Killed as U.S. Chopper Is Shot Down in Somalia", "3 GIS KILLED AS SOMALIS DOWN HELICOPTER", "Background Information For Operation Restore Hope", "Hard Day's Night: A Retrospective on the American Intervention in Somalia", "This Ranger fought in Mogadishu before becoming a country music star", "On this Day, October 3, 1993, Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down)", "Interviews - Captain Haad | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE | PBS", "U.S. AC-130 GUNSHIPS PATROL OVER SOMALI CAPITAL", "Interviews Ambassador Robert Oakley | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE", "Somalia Battle Killed 12 Americans, Wounded 78", "Silver Star Awards in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope", "SFC Matthew Rierson - Airborne Ranger in the Sky", "Long Valley man: Ranger son's death won't be in vain", "Congressional Record, Volume 140 Issue 76 (Thursday, June 16, 1994)", "Who Is Bin Laden? A total of only three American soldiers had died in the intervention, marking the 8 August incident as the largest single killing of U.S. troops in Somalia so far. Sixty American soldiers who fought in the infamous Battle of Mogadishu will receive upgraded awards later this year for their valorous efforts 28 years ago in the brutal running battle. The battle has been documented in books and film, most notably the 2001 film Black Hawk Down. [158], The American Heroes Channel television series, Black Ops, aired an episode titled "The Real Black Hawk Down" in June 2014. Even commonly. A deployment package of 16 helicopters and personnel from the 1st Battalion, C Squadron, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) aka, Combat Controllers and Pararescuemen from the 24th Special Tactics Squadron, BLT 1/9 Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion/ 9th Marines/ 13th MEU (Marine Expeditionary Unit/ USS, 2nd Battalion "Attack", 25th Aviation Regiment, 41st Engineer Battalion, 10th Mountain Division. [15] Due to constant ambushes and incessant Somali resistance, it would take an additional nine hours for the QRF ground forces to eventually reach the besieged troops. A shootout ensued as peacekeepers fought to the helicopter. [100], The Somali casualties were a mixture of militiamen, irregulars/volunteers, and local civilians, and the exact number of dead is unknown. The U.S. Marine Corps landed the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit MEUSOC in Mogadishu with elements of 2nd Battalion 9th Marines and 3rd Battalion 11th Marines and secured key facilities within two weeks, with the intent to facilitate humanitarian actions. A small contingent of America's various elite special forces was sent to collect two henchmen of the violent Somalian warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid and the warlord himself if they could manage. Busch later died of his injuries, having been shot four times while defending the crash site. [80], Lacking fire support, the snipers were overrun and Gordon was fatally wounded, Shughart picked up Gordon's CAR-15 and gave it to Durant. tributed a total of 38,000 soldiers for the humani-tarian operation. The battle shifted American foreign policy and it eventually led to the pullout of the U.N. mission in 1995. On 16 December 1994, Operation United Shield was approved by President Clinton and launched on 14 January 1995. The international community began to send food supplies to halt the starvation, but significant amounts were hijacked and brought to local clan leaders, who routinely exchanged it with other countries for weapons. The president of the organization, Rony Brauman would declare that, "For the first time in Somalia there has been a killing under the flag of humanitarianism." [74], Ten minutes later, the convoy reached the safety of the Pakistani base and a field medical hospital set up. The Battle of Mogadishu, more commonly referred to as Black Hawk Down or, locally, as the Day of the Rangers (Somali language: Maalintii Rangers ), was part of Operation Gothic Serpent and was fought on 3 and 4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States supported by UNOSOM II, and Somali militiamen loyal to the ), was published in 2001 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Boulder, Colorado and London, England. They drew largely from his Habar Gidir sub-clan of the Hawiye, who began fighting U.S. troops following 12 July 1993. Officials described the attack as a blow to the SNA's command structure,[41] and a set back for the hardliners, opening the way for more cooperative members to take power. The UNITAF's mission was strictly The entire operation was estimated to take no longer than 30 minutes. The second refueling plane on this list, Lockheed Martin's KC-130 Hercules, can simultaneously fuel two aircraft and offload up to 57,500 pounds. Before the assault was carried out an SNA officer came to Col. Giumale with the relatives of the Somalis detained in the homes and warned that there were women and children present in the building. The Battle of Mogadishu is one of the most infamous and controversial engagements in modern U.S. military history. [55] In response, U.S. President Bill Clinton approved the proposal to deploy a special task force composed of elite special forces units, including 400 U.S. Army Rangers and Delta Force operators. Killed in action, on 3 October 1993, during the Battle of Mogadishu. [80] While the last two men were rappelling, the Black Hawk took a direct RPG hit from SNA militia, almost totally severing the main rotor blades. [74][93], Back at the first crash site, about 90 Rangers and Delta Force operators found themselves under heavy Somali fire. The Pakistani forces suffered 24 dead and 57 wounded, as well as one wounded Italian and three wounded American soldiers. Five journalists were killed, resulting in the pullout of numerous media organizations in Mogadishu which contributed to the lack of coverage of the October 34 battle. [80], Two weeks after the battle, General Garrison, in a handwritten letter to President Clinton, took full responsibility for the battle's outcome. Within an hour of arrival, conventional USAF com-bat controllers began providing air traffic control and ground services at Mogadishu's all-but-aban-doned airport. [15], While the U.S. forces waiting for relief held their position in the homes, AH-6 Little Birds, working in pairs and flying all night long, constantly strafed and pushed back the creeping forces of militia and have consequently been credited with keeping besieged Americans alive until dawn. Eighteen soldiers died, and 73 were wounded, during the Battle of Mogadishu. [143] While he had previously claimed responsibility for the ambush,[144] bin Laden denied having orchestrated the attack on the U.S. soldiers in Mogadishu but expressed delight at their deaths in battle against Somali fighters. It was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia, between United States troops as part of a larger United Nations peacekeeping mission, and Somali militiamen loyal to Somali General Mohamed Farrah Aidid. [21] The Somali National Army concurrently disbanded, and some former soldiers reconstituted as irregular regional forces or joined the clan militias. [87] Then, two Black Hawks carrying the second Delta assault team led by Delta Captain Austin S. Miller came into position and dropped their teams as the four Ranger chalks prepared to rope onto the four corners surrounding the target building. contingent. [130][131] Garrison would write, however, that Aspin was not to blame for the events in Mogadishu. The raid was only intended to last an hour, but morphed into an overnight standoff and rescue operation extending into the daylight hours of the next day. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again. [83] A column of twelve vehicles (nine Humvees and three M939 trucks) under the command Lieutenant Colonel Danny McKnight's would arrive at the building to take the entire assault team and their prisoners back to base. He would argue that Task Force Ranger had met their objectivecapturing the targets of value. [28][72], The size and organizational structure of the Somali militia forces involved in the battle are not known in detail. Black Hawk pilot Michael Durant told his story of being shot down and captured by a mob of Somalis in his 2003 book In the Company of Heroes. [80] Super 68 was able to survive the hit and quickly limped back to base. [35], On the morning of 12 July 1993, a strike by the 10th Mountain Division of the QRF in Mogadishu led to the Abdi House raid. Task Force Ranger under fire in Somalia - October 3, 1993. The C-130s delivered 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies in six months to international humanitarian organizations trying to help Somalia's more than three million starving people. [33], In response, on 6 June 1993, the outraged U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 837, a call for the arrest and prosecution of the persons responsible for the death and wounding of the peacekeepers. [142], Four and a half years after the Battle of Mogadishu, in an interview in May 1998, bin Laden disparaged the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Somalia. "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations.". UNOSOM forces had refused to enter the area during previous engagements with the SNA. [80], Knowing the Americans were well entrenched in defensive positions they had taken on the four houses on Freedom Road, Col. Giumale ordered six 60mm mortars emplaced between 21 October Road and Armed Forces Street to obliterate the buildings. [137][138], On 26 September 2006, in an interview on Fox News with Chris Wallace, former President Bill Clinton gave his version of events surrounding the mission in Somalia. [96] He would further point to the July 12, 1993, Abdi House Raid that had first led the SNA to begin target U.S. soldiers saying, "Wouldn't you be very sorry about 73 of our elder men, of our religious leaders, of our most prominent people, having their bodies mutilatedwe collected parts of their bodies from the building in which they were attackedif you were a son of one of those people killed on that day, what would be your situation, how would you feel? The pilot and co-pilot survived, but three crew members were killed. Defense Workforce. They destroyed several buildings and many Somalis were killed. [62] A document recovered from al-Qaeda operative Wadih el-Hage's computer "made a tentative link between al-Qaeda and the killing of American servicemen in Somalia," and were used to indict bin Laden in June 1998. [74] A nearby MH-6 Little Bird, Star 41, quickly flew down to the Black Hawk crash site. Shughart went back around the helicopter's nose and held off the crowd for approximately 10 more minutes before he was killed. [74], Col. Sharif Hassan Giumale had carefully analyzed Task Force Ranger's previous six operations in Mogadishu and attempted to adapt the lessons he had learned from the civil war and from his extensive reading on guerrilla insurgencies, particularly the FLMN in El Salvadorwho had developed anti-aircraft tactics with infantry weapons, to the conflict with UNOSOM. The relief column that ultimately extracted TF Ranger had to fight its way into and out of the Bakara Market; SNA fighters were resisting fiercely until UN forces crossed out of Aideed's zone of control and withdrew to their bases. [14][15], While leaving the crash site, a group of Rangers and Delta operators led by SSG John R. Dycus realized that there was no room left in the vehicles for them and instead used the vehicles as cover. Not long into the mission, two MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by armed militants. A few moments later the rotor assembly disintegrated and the helicopter began to lurch forward. [74] Historian Stephen Biddle noted, "it was the UN, not the SNA, that disengaged to end the fighting. [38] In the last few panicked minutes of the battle, with the convoy operating in a long column with staggered stops and starts, some vehicles ended up making a dash to the stadium, accidentally leaving behind soldiers and forcing them to trek on foot. [13][14] One high-ranking SNA official complained after the battle, "everybody tried to attack, they came this way, they went that way. Estimates greatly vary from several hundred to several thousand militiamen and civilians killed,[101][102] with injuries around 1,0004,000. [17][18][19][20], In January 1991, Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown by a coalition of opposing clans, precipitating the Somali Civil War. 'Day of the Rangers'), also known as the Black Hawk Down incident, was part of Operation Gothic Serpent. "[64], The Somali National Alliance (SNA) was formed in June 1992, following a successful defence by many factions against an offensive by Somali dictator Siad Barres, in his attempt to retake Mogadishu. [43][44][45] A Human Rights Watch report would argue that UNOSOM had produced no evidence to substantiate its claims about the raid. The plan was to surround a white three-story house in the capital city of. Mohamed Farrah Aidid [13][74] Many volunteers would not actually partake in combat, but instead operated as reconnaissance or runners for SNA troops. The public forum mainly remembers the image of dead, half-naked, mutilated soldiers being dragged through the streets of the city though the event proved deeper than the much-publicized, unforgettable conclusion. [70][71], Though Mohamed Farah Aidid had hours earlier given the order to Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale to prevent the escape of any American soldiers, he had begun to become increasingly concerned with the mounting Somali death toll and the prospect of a severe and endless cycle of retaliation if the remaining U.S. troops holding out were killed by his militia. According to Bergen, bin Laden asserted that fighters affiliated with his group were involved in killing U.S. troops in Somalia in 1993, a claim he had made earlier to the Arabic newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi. [52], In the three weeks following the events of Bloody Monday there was a large lull in UNOSOM operations in Mogadishu, as the city had become incredibly hostile to foreign troops. [15][36][37][39] According to Peterson, the gathering had been publicized in newspapers the day before the attack as a peace gathering, but according to Admiral Jonathan Howe, "The meeting of clan elders seeking peaceful solutions was several blocks away [from the Abdi house meeting]. The SNA claimed a much lower casualty rate acknowledging only 133 troops killed in the whole battle. Jones and Maier evacuated Busch and Smith. "[107], Most of the Somalis death toll is attributed to the numerous helicopter gunship runs in the narrow alleyways of Mogadishu made by MH-6 Little Birds in support of the U.S. ground forces. [36][41] Mark Bowden argued that the raid marked a serious escalation of the conflict in Somalia and was "a monumental misjudgment" and "tragic mistake". The Rangers would then create a four-corner defensive perimeter around the target building to isolate it and ensure that no enemy could get in or out. The raid, carried out by American QRF troops on behalf of UNOSOM II, was at the time the single deadliest incident in . There was still no effective government, police, or national army, resulting in serious security threats to U.N. personnel. When four Western journalists went to investigate the scene they were beaten to death by a mob of Somalis. Osama bin Laden even denigrated the administration's decision to prematurely depart the region, stating that it displayed "the weakness, feebleness and cowardliness of the U.S. Somali citizens and local militia formed barricades along Mogadishu's streets with rocks, wreckage, rubbish and burning tires, impeding the convoy from reaching the Rangers and their captives. According to Captain Haad of the Somali National Alliance, the civilian death toll was "almost uncountable, because the place where the fire took place is one of the busiest sectors of Mogadishueach bullet fired in one direction might have killed four or five or six persons, because the place is very populous. [41] A spokesman for Aidid, said 73 were killed including many prominent clan elders, a charge UNOSOM would deny. In an attempt to deceive Somali forces, the formation flew past the target before turning around en masse. July 2, 2021. In his book Holy War, Inc. (2001), CNN reporter Peter Bergen interviewed bin Laden, who affirmed these allegations. [23], Later that year severe fighting broke out in Mogadishu between Mahdi and Aidid, which continued in the following months and spread throughout the country, resulting in over 20,000 casualties by the end of 1991. [147], In a 2011 interview, Moktar Ali Zubeyr, the leader of the Somali militant Islamist group Al-Shabaab, said that three al-Qaeda leaders were present during the battle of Mogadishu. In the break out attempt approximately 100 U.S. soldiers fired nearly 60,000 rounds of ammunition and used hundreds of grenades in 30 minutes before being forced to withdraw back to the airfield. This has been commonly referred to as the "Mogadishu Mile". The operation took place from August to October 1993 and was led by US Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). [99] General Garrison had noted before the Battle of Mogadishu that if a serious firefight was had with the SNA, "we'll win the gunfight, but we might lose the war. [103] The Somali casualties were reported in The Washington Post as 312 killed and 814 wounded. It was clear that the Americans greatest technological advantage in Mogadishuand its Achilles' heel, the helicopter, had to be neutralized during one of the ranger raids. The RPG connected with the tail rotor and the helicopter at first seemed to be fine. Ten C-130s and 400 people were deployed to Mombasa, Kenya, airlifting aid to Somalia's remote areas and reducing reliance on truck convoys. Chalk Four being carried by Black Hawk Super 67, piloted by CW3 Jeff Niklaus, was accidentally put a block north of their intended point (20305.5N 451927.9E / 2.051528N 45.324417E / 2.051528; 45.324417). Somalia intervention, United States-led military operation in 1992-93 mounted as part of a wider international humanitarian and peacekeeping effort in Somalia that began in the summer of 1992 and ended in the spring of 1995. [75] According to Washington Post reporter Rick Atkinson, the majority of U.S. commanders in Mogadishu had underestimated the number of rocket-propelled grenades available to the SNA, and misjudged the threat they posed to helicopters. [135] The Clinton administration in particular endured considerable criticism for the operation's outcome. If people had left it to the militia and the officers, it would have been no problem. Despite Aidid's command, U.N. forces faced fierce shooting until they withdrew from the SNA's zone of control. [65] The crash site was then overran and all the crew members were killed except Durant. Experienced fighters supplemented the main forces with RPG-7 grenade launchers, sniper rifles, mortars, mines and machine guns. [46][47][78] According to a witness account from American journalist Scott Peterson, in the days preceding the battle, renewed Somali anger against UNOSOM troops had been building following an incident where American mortar crews had fired shells into the dense neighborhoods surrounding their baseresulting in the death of family of 8 and injuring 34, enraging the citizens of South Mogadishu. [80], At 13:50, Task Force Ranger analysts received intelligence of Omar Salad's location. FORT DRUM, N.Y. -- On Oct. 3, 1993, Soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, took part in one of the bloodiest battles American Soldiers had seen since Vietnam. Eventually it arrived ten minutes later near the Olympic Hotel (020301.6N 451928.6E / 2.050444N 45.324611E / 2.050444; 45.324611), down the street from target building and waited for Delta and Rangers to complete their mission. He said he had resisted calls from conservative Republicans for an immediate departure: "[Conservative Republicans] were all trying to get me to withdraw from Somalia in 1993 the next day after we were involved in 'Black Hawk Down,' and I refused to do it and stayed six months and had an orderly transfer to the United Nations. 74 ] a nearby MH-6 Little Bird, Star 41, quickly flew to. Wounded Malaysian soldier on the rescue convoy from August to October 1993 and was led by US Joint operations..., having been shot four times while defending the crash site War, Inc. ( ). 21 ] the crash site Somali forces, the roads surrounding the Olympic Hotel were covered militia! Total of 38,000 soldiers for the humani-tarian operation 41 ] a nearby MH-6 Little Bird, Star 41 quickly... Action. ' ), also known as the `` Mogadishu Mile '' zone! 'S forces all over again seen 'round the world ': the impact of the decisions were made a! That Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda provided support and training to Mohammed Farrah Aidid again! These allegations situation would be further exacerbated by the hijacking of aid convoys and supplies to Mohammed Farrah Aidid:! Soldiers were killed battle of mogadishu soldiers list many prominent clan elders, a charge UNOSOM would deny forces! Dahir Mo'alim analysis of the Rangers ' ), also known as ``. Force operators, and 73 were wounded been beaten to death, only to be by. The Somali National Army concurrently disbanded, and 73 were wounded the pilot and co-pilot survived, but three members! 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[ 130 ] [ 131 ] Garrison would write, however, that Aspin was not to blame the... Deceive Somali forces, the roads surrounding the Olympic Hotel were covered with militia the! Raid, carried out by American QRF troops on behalf of UNOSOM II, was part of operation Serpent. 80 ], At 13:50, Task Force Ranger under fire in Somalia - October 3, 1993 of. Later, the roads surrounding the Olympic Hotel were covered with militia and the helicopter the rescue.... From his Habar Gidir sub-clan of the U.N. mission in 1995 was not blame! Military history s mission was strictly the entire operation was estimated to take no longer than 30 minutes ;! Greatly vary from several hundred to several thousand militiamen and civilians killed, [ ]. Met their objectivecapturing the targets of value the militia and the helicopter At the the! S mission was strictly the entire operation was estimated to take no longer than 30 minutes to lurch forward connected! 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