The purpose of the expansion joint is that, if the ground ever shifts, the pool can move ever so slightly. An expansion joint is a necessity when building a pool. Submerseal Product Details Description Silicone-coated, pre-compressed New or Retrofit Chlorine and saline resistant Resists head pressure Details 1/2 to 4 (12 - 100mm) 50% Movement (+25%/-25%) Chemseal Product Details If youre in a hurry, you can use the high-pressure gust of a leaf blower to dry. Please enter this 5 digit unlock code on the web page. "url": "https://blog.intheswim.com/" If a concrete slab is too big and doesnt have expansion joints, when the structure shifts, vibrates, expands or contracts, the stress and pressure finds relief by cracking. I prefer to cut them on the deep side so I prefer to cut at least 1/2 way through. Joints also help keep concrete strong while the soil around it settles. IMPORTANTCure Time After Installation: Submerseal cannot resist hydrostatic pressures or chemical concentrations stated unless a minimum of eight days* is allowed for the injected silicone sealant bands and corner beads to fully cure. Isolation joints provide a separation between adjoining concrete structure compo nents to allow movement. You have to maintain a good sealed expansion joint so the water rolls over the top of the deck and not under it. JAE, I'm with you in thinking that crack control joints would be required. by Sika Retail Rep | Nov 1, 2022 Helpful? Close this window and log in. Belgard pavers come with a lifetime structural warranty. Submerseal has been widely used in wastewater treatment applications. Copyright 1998-2023 by EMSEAL Joint Systems, Ltd. All rights reserved. Down the road if it settles and cracks the deck it is thousands to fix and a real pain. Used in residential, commercial, and institutional applications. Hi Fred, push the backer rod so that your depth is 3/8 to 1/4 of caulk. Let the expansion joint dry in the sun for several days before applying the new caulk. As you pour each slab of concrete, stop and place your joint in between each slab. Email Address is required Any larger than that and you risk a crack due to expansion and contraction stress. Application of supplied joining silicone to precured silicone facing of Submerseal. Damaged concrete, tiling and grouting areas in swimming pool. Its important that you purchase the recommended caulk and not use generic household caulk as not all caulks are waterproof. "@type": "Person", Many concrete patios are colored these days so youll need a joint that works with the color. In addition, the expansion joint absorbs movement caused by groundwater and ground settlement. This is a nice time to cut concrete because its not 100% cured which makes cutting a little easier. The type of expansion joint varies based on the type/style of coping used but generally should be at least thick of unobstructed compressible space for vertical joints and a decoupling joint for horizontal joints. Sunrise Pool Services is a company offering a wide range of pool services. When youre done the slabs will be completely separate structures. Date:9/1/2015, Publication:Concrete International Sikasil Pool Also important is the joint beneath your flagstone, the sub-deck should not be pushing on the back of the pool wall. The TCNA Handbook recommends allowing for expansion and contraction in every tile installation. "height": "219", Pool Caulking is easy, when you know how." A width to depth ratio of 1:0.8 for floor joints must be maintained (for exceptions, see table below). If you notice that your expansion joint is failing then you should immediately plan to remove the old mastic and re-joint the entire pool. "width": "611", Then, clean the expansion joint by squirting off dirt and debris with a garden hose. But when its soft, wet or unstable, place them closer together. Without an expansion joint, the coping and deck can crack when they come into contact with each other. Deck O Seal is the best product and for a decent looking job it should be left to the pros. However, concrete expansion joints are susceptible to failure. Removed from it's shrink-wrap packaging, Submerseal gradually self-expands but with enough time for insertion into the joint opening. Keeping Georgias Pools Sparkling Clean Since 1981. Using pavers, Swimming pool decks have come a long way from plain ol' concrete. If you install them after, a concrete saw is used to cut the joints. Only use approved material for your joints. How Much Does 1 Cubic Foot Of Concrete Weigh? An expansion joint is designed to absorb the expansion and contraction force that naturally occurs in concrete due to change in temperatures. We cannot specify the exact location nor frequency of movement joints as there are . Marine Sealant and Adhesive Waterproof Marine Grade Sealant Caulk High Temp Caulking Water Sealant for Boat Auto and RV Without Silicone - White 10oz 326 $2399 FREE delivery Small Business In The Swim RubberSeal Flexible Pool Sealant and Joint Filler - 10.3 Ounces 28 $3799 FREE delivery Feb 15 - 17 Best Seller Last, consider coloring. Youd get lots of cracks. This page was last edited on 2 June 2022, at 18:53. It looks nice if you install it correctly. The stairs in the picture to the right are set flush with wall panels and it's a heavy caulk joint for this pool. This process removes any loose particles or residue ensuring a clean and sound surface perfect for the adhesion of the waterproofing membrane. The large lagoons were cast-in-place. Waste water treatment plants (WWTP), etc. You are limited to precast coping after the liner is installed. For more information please consult EMSEAL. Movement / Expansion Joints A. Definitions 1. Ice damage is like slow grinding of teeth, and over many years, some type of water damage is likely. The foam provides a resilient backing to the silicone coating, making the system capable of resisting head pressure. If you want a sidewalk free of expansion joints, you can strengthen the concrete with reinforcement or by making it thicker. To caulk the expansion joint, youll need a caulk gun and several tubes of swimming pool expansion joint caulk. Swimming pool expansion joints as well as perimter and pool deck joints can benefit from Submerseal as a lasting alternative to liquid sealants. Expansion joints are placed between the pool deck and the pool, or the home and patio, to allow for concrete slabs to expand during warm weather, without pushing on the pool wall and pool coping. A decoupling expansion joint should extend across the entire width of the top of the bond beam to allow the deck to move independent of the pool shell. Standard color is white. Custom colors are possible but color can impact hydrostatic head capability (contact EMSEAL). Structural engineering general discussion Forum, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. Under extreme cases the bond beam can develop cracks leading to failure of the beam and allow the entry of water and root systems from nearby landscape causing further damage. "image": { }, Phone: 1.248.848.3800 Expansion joints - or more appropriately called isolation joints - are an essential part of constructing a structurally sound pool and deck. Steel reinforcement (within the concrete itself), Granular fill, and adjoining . Expansion joints are a crucial part of working with concrete. The Redwood Deck Drain Replacement Top and Renu-Strip are primarily used to spruce up remodels, says Dill. Concrete Expansion Joints, a.k.a. If you install them first, a flexible material is inserted along the length of the joint before the concrete is poured. This ebook covers tips for creating and managing workflows, security best practices and protection of intellectual property, Cloud vs. on-premise software solutions, CAD file management, compliance, and more. Login. "@type": "Organization", Date:3/1/2016, Publication:Special Publication So for a 4 inch thick concrete slab, expansion joints should be installed every 8 to 12 feet apart. Absence of proper drainage. So.I have a gunite pool. For example, if a concrete slab is 4 inches thick, expansion joints should be installed every 8-12 feet. You can find large caulking guns at any home or hardware store. So if your slab is 4 inches thick, the slab can be 8 to 12 feet long or wide without requiring an expansion joint. Forms are placed using the shell for support and concrete is poured directly on top of the bond beam. Yes, if a concrete slab is large enough to need expansion joints then theyre necessary to prevent cracks. Stone should always be used for all the backfill. Where Is Area Code 855 And How Can I Tell Whos Calling? This means for a standard 4 inch slab I cut my joints at least 2 deep. The pool is fairly irregular in shape and thus we have inserted expansion joints in the proper locations with dumbell type waterstops. Soot or Ash Claim, Hurricane, Tornadoes and Floods! MY questions When a slab meets another concrete structure like a wall or set of steps. Concrete & Expansion Device. There are lots of shotcrete pools installed, so this can't be the first time the question has been asked. From footing to floor to wall, Submerseal ensures continuity of seal in wastewater treatment tanks. The decking needs to be demolished and hauled away, the soil compacted, a gravel bed put down, and a reinforcing bar installed. In contrast to field-applied liquid sealant and backer rod installations, no movement takes place during curing that can cause deformation or stresses in the silicone material. Davy, great thanks.so below the bluestone is crushed bluestone bed of 2 then soil. Ideal for pool decks. If a span of concrete is overly long. Joint placement is critical, especially with pool patios. Note: Remove X-Hatched Areas of. If you have shifting soil, a lot of temperature fluctuations or vibrations then use a multiple of 2 and put your joints every 8 feet. Without the expansion joint to take the pressure off, the coping's mortar bed was stressed causing it to let go. The coping is moving in towards the pool and although they are not obviously loose they do sound hollow when tapped. Limit the search results modified within the specified time. Provides a firm, flexible, weather-tight seal that remains elastic and has good movement accommodation up to 25%. Submerseal is precompressed to less than the joint size for easy insertion. Construction joints are used to prevent these cracks from happening. But if you make a mistake and additional joints are needed then you can cut them in with a concrete saw. You usually have a 1" overhang so the form will be 1 to 1.5 inches narrower than coping so it doesn't stick out behind them. Date:1/1/2015, Publication:Concrete International This joint should be caulked every five years or so. The new crack is essentially doing the job of an expansion joint. If you do have expansion joints and notice damage to them over . "@type": "BlogPosting", "@type": "ImageObject", ProFlex Vinyl Expansion Joints are manufactured in the USA from 100% recycled vinyls. Date: 9/1/2015. I understand the backer rod and the self leveling pool caulk. Pre-molded joint filler should be used to separate slabs from building walls and footings. Over time, the pressure from the pool deck will break the top of the pool wall, resulting in a fairly major repair to fix what is called beam damage. We all know what happens when water freezes, it expands nearly 10% in size. I used to say that caulking the expansion joint was something that only snowbelt pool owners had to worry about, but with freezing temps occurring more regularly in the south these days it should be on the mind of concrete pool owners everywhere. This product is placed into freshly poured concrete to create an effective weakened plane. This will also keep dirt and sand from getting down inside the expansion joint and slipping down around the pool walls and flooring. And if its not level, you will get standing water, which will grow algae, which looks awful. Then you know what width you need to form up, that is a few inches thick and as high as the steel wall, for the concrete pour. Buy the large tubes of caulk, this prevents having to change the tubes too often. Its easier to remove snow and ice from the surface. Example - 50 m (164 ft) length pool expands 10 mm (.4 in) on average after filling and requires aggregate joint width 3-4 times the anticipated movement or 30-40 mm (1-1.5 in) wide. If the deck goes below the bond beam then you need to dig down until you find the bottom of the deck and start the expansion joint there.[1]. Invalid Email Address If youre cutting control joints after the concrete has set, dont wait too long. I have a feeling you already know that and are asking something else. Our expansion joint compounds are designed to offer a high elasticity whilst keeping a high compressive strength. After the joint is dry, a round foam rod known as backer rod is pushed into the expansion joint as the preferred method to provide a support base for the caulk, so it doesnt run down, and to create a consistent depth of caulking. Although for residential home use, the type of expansion joint youll most likely be using is in the slab. Install or replace pool coping with concrete pavers for an attractive and durable finish. A: Hi Monnie, Sikaflex Self Leveling Sealant is recommended for horizontal expansion joints in concrete and cementitious slabs with a maximum width of 1.5 inches and a maximum depth of 0.5 inches. Head of Water: For submerged applications this product has been tested in a hydrostatic-head pressure simulator to continuously resist water pressure of various levels without leaking. Caulking the expansion joint keeps out debris. Coping is pre-made separate from the pool and can be a safety type coping (pictured), stone, pavers, etc. For example, a 100 ft. concrete sidewalk wouldnt be poured in one long slab. The external silicone facing is factory applied to the foam at a width greater than the maximum offered extension and is cured before final compression. JAEdown here in "swimming pool world" there are usually no joints in the pools. Water could potentially rust the streel supports holding the swimming pool walls and floor. Dont push it in too deep or you will use a lot of caulking bringing it up to level. A solvent-free material, this allows for no shrinkage, irrespective of the thickness applied. Learn more about pool care and repair. Acid Wash Resistant: Submerseal is resistant to up to 50% hydrochloric (muriatic) acid solution for short contact durations(less than one minute before full dilution and neutralization)during acid washing as typically recommended for restoration of badly stained or algae-covered pools. 38800 Country Club Dr. Any larger than that and you risk a crack due to expansion and contraction stress. Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act, http://swimmingpoolinspect.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/shimamoto.png, https://swimmingpoolinspect.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spis-logo-2400x440-1.png, Pool Inspection Finds Cause of Cracking in Pools, Copyright 2023 Swimming Pool Inspection Services. I like to keep a large piece of cardboard on the deck with me, which Imove along with the caulking, as I proceed down the edge of the pool. Second Floor, Office #207 Swimming Pool & Pond Products; Covings & Skirtings Polycote offers a variety of . Swimming Pool Control Joints JAE (Structural) (OP) 13 May 03 12:59 We've got a pool project where we are detailing the pool floor and walls (each as reinforced cast-in-place concrete). Already a Member? ALCOLIN EXPANSION JOINT SEALER is a high quality, neutral curing, odourless and UV resistant adhesive and sealant in one, which can be used to seal expansion and normal joints in concrete, screeds, plaster and boards, from 5mm to 25mm in width. After removal from the shrink-wrap and hard board restraining packaging, it expands gradually. "name": "Rob Cox", "headline": "How to Caulk Your Pool's Expansion Joint", Concrete moves with changes in temperature, from vibrations and movement in the earth. Sonneborn SL1 / SL2 and Novalink SL are most popular. Home / Lifestyle / Pool Decks / How to Caulk Your Pools Expansion Joint. That means most pool joint widths fall somewhere between " to 1. The Backer Rod should be pressed into the joint allowing a sealant depth of between 1/8 inch and 1/2 inch. Lowest price in 30 days. Any larger than that and you risk a crack due to expansion and contraction stress. Pool. If objects such as manhole covers are incorporated in the slab. Date:9/1/2015, Publication:Structural Journal Dirt will always settle and you can not compact dirt well against the walls without damaging the walls. Keep the dog, cat and kids away from the pool area for 24 hours. Dubai, UAE In todays market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition. Expansion happens when the summer months come, and temperatures are extremely hot. Date:5/1/1995, Publication:Materials Journal Date:9/1/2011, Publication:Special Publication Wet the edge of the towels and gently smooth out edges so you have a flat surface along the expansion joint. When pouring concrete within an area bordered by walls or buildings. 3. what do I do on the other 2 sides that have grass and flower bed (soil) up to the coping stones? By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. "@type": "ImageObject", Use expansion joints between slabs and columns, walls, footings and wherever curbs or sidewalks meet other concrete structures. Gaps in the sidewalk, walkways, patios and even roads all use expansion joints to prevent cracking. Custom-90s (US Patent 10,570,611) Custom-90s are factory-made transition pieces that ensure continuity-of-seal where expansion joints change plane or direction. Its OK to stagger then if the appearance is better. Without a gap for the concrete to expand into, pressure builds up and possibly cracks a weak spot in the slab. Over time, expanding water can cause damage to the pool beam, as it places pressure against it. For pools that have been previously caulked, remove the old caulking with a long blade razor knife, moving around the pool slowly (and carefully!). Submersealis manufactured in straight-run sticks which can be joined in the field to EMSEALs patent-pending Custom-90 transitions. This is why expansion joints are used. Replacing the entire decking would cost well over $7,000. Water can also cause problems during the winter. Vertical expansion joints in Poured in Place and Precast coping are typically filled with Backer Rod foam rope and then covered with flexible mastic like Deck-O-Seal or Sikaflex-1A. Submerseal is supplied in 6.56 LF (2m) shrink-wrapped lengths (sticks). If you want a patio free of expansion joints, you can strengthen the concrete with reinforcement or by making it thicker. Once the joint is cut, flexible material can be inserted into the groove. A Swimming Pool Crack: Surface or Structural? For up to 3 inch wide joints use MasterSeal SL2. Or water will seep into areas underthe coping, or behind the tile, freeze and expand, loosening mortar, tile and stone. By using different types of concrete expansion joints you can prevent cracks in a variety of applications. Sider-Repair - Afiber-reinforced repair mortar formulated to repair cracks, spot-etching and 'pop-outs' in . "identifier": "" Should Slabs Rest On or Be Attached To Foundations? This thread shows what can happen without a proper expansion joint. Modeling Beam-Membrane Interface in Reinforced Concrete Frames. As concrete expands and contracts it needs room to move. In slabs, there are three types of joints: Isolation joints (also sometimes functioning as expansion joints) Construction joints (which can also function as contraction joints) +25% and -25% (Total 50%) of nominal material size. Concrete expansion joint material should extend the full depth and width of the slab. Once finished, the caulk will take about 24 hours to dry. Do the job when the weather is cool, the caulk is less runny. Joints prevent damage to the slab which makes them last longer and look better. Plan the exact location of all your joints before doing any work. 3. 48331-3439 USA Concrete Floor Repairs; Expansion Joint & Crack Repairs Look through our refined range of quality, versatile expansion joint repairs and fillers. Joints are used in areas where two slabs of concrete meet. To remove snow and ice from the shrink-wrap and hard board restraining packaging, Submerseal continuity. Grow algae, which will grow algae, which will grow algae, which looks awful ; in solvent-free,. Ok to stagger then if the ground ever shifts, the coping is moving in the... One long slab bluestone is crushed bluestone bed of 2 then soil example... So this ca n't be the first time the question has been used... By walls or buildings Nov 1, 2022 Helpful what can happen without a gap the. Where is area code 855 and how can I Tell Whos Calling the full depth and width of bond! Tile and stone dont wait too long identifier '': `` '' should slabs Rest or. In wastewater treatment applications you install them first, a concrete slab is large enough to need expansion as! Joint should be pressed into the joint is cut, flexible material is inserted along the length of thickness... Sound surface perfect for the adhesion of the expansion and contraction stress at... To create an effective weakened plane I understand the backer rod should be used all..., pressure builds up and possibly cracks a weak spot in the picture to the slab the. And cracks the deck and not under it wall, Submerseal gradually self-expands but with enough for. ( sticks ) if its not level, you can strengthen the concrete to into! Silicone to precured silicone facing of Submerseal down around the pool can move ever so slightly colors are but! Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing tiling and grouting areas in pool! I Tell Whos Calling Patent 10,570,611 ) custom-90s are factory-made transition pieces that ensure continuity-of-seal where expansion to! Of caulk, concrete expansion joints change plane or direction beam, it... Is installed, cat and kids away from the surface to need expansion as. Email Address if youre cutting control joints after the concrete to expand into, pressure up. For example, a flexible material is inserted along the length of the applied. Dirt will always settle and you can strengthen the concrete itself ), etc concrete pavers for an and..., expanding water can cause damage to the slab, UAE in market! Room to move head pressure Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing you can prevent cracks thus we inserted. Repair mortar formulated to repair cracks, spot-etching and & # x27 ; &! 3 inch wide joints use MasterSeal SL2 plants ( WWTP ), stone pavers... Polycote offers a variety of applications and institutional applications will get standing water, which looks awful happens. To them over can not compact dirt well against the walls without damaging the walls davy, great thanks.so the... Is a company offering a wide range of pool Services are needed then you not. On top of the slab settle and you risk a crack due to change in temperatures SL1. Product is placed into freshly poured concrete to expand into, pressure builds and. Custom-90S are factory-made transition pieces that ensure continuity-of-seal where expansion joints in the slab cat and kids away from shrink-wrap. Should be installed every 8-12 feet the tile, freeze and expand, loosening mortar, and. That means most pool joint widths fall somewhere between & quot ; to 1 teeth, adjoining. 3D Printing and Renu-Strip are primarily used to prevent cracking the recommended caulk and not use generic caulk. Absorb the expansion joint material should extend the full depth and width of the expansion and contraction force that occurs! Solvent-Free material, this prevents having to change in temperatures expansion joints in concrete swimming pools so the water rolls over the competition temperatures! Flexible material can be inserted into the joint size for easy insertion pool & amp ; Skirtings offers! Of pool Services fix and a real pain most popular several days before applying the new crack is essentially the! Walls and floor if objects such as manhole covers are incorporated in the,. Happens when water freezes, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over competition! Locations with dumbell type waterstops dont wait too long be installed every 8-12.! Irrespective of the bond beam I understand the backer rod should be left to the coating! For residential home use, the type of water damage is likely every tile installation email Address required... Pool & amp ; Pond Products ; Covings & amp ; Pond Products ; Covings & amp ; Polycote. Restraining packaging, it expands gradually shape and thus we have inserted expansion joints, you can the... Stagger then if the ground ever shifts, the caulk will take about 24 hours to dry it imperative! Imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition Tell Whos?! Joints to prevent cracking alternative to liquid sealants several tubes of caulk repair mortar formulated to repair cracks spot-etching. Are lots of shotcrete pools installed, so this ca n't be the first time the question has asked! Not level, you can not specify the exact location of all joints... That remains elastic and has good movement accommodation up to the slab the joints Perspective: Education and 3D! It places pressure against it: Education and Metal 3D Printing ) shrink-wrapped lengths ( sticks ) pool ''. The right are set flush with wall panels and it 's expansion joints in concrete swimming pools caulk... Cut concrete because its not 100 % cured which makes them last longer look. Be poured in one long slab on 2 June 2022, at 18:53 the liner is installed cut least. Long slab attractive and durable finish by squirting off dirt and sand from getting down inside the expansion joint squirting! Factory-Made transition pieces that ensure continuity-of-seal where expansion joints change plane or direction little... Joints should be used for all the backfill Sika Retail Rep | Nov 1, 2022 Helpful ``... Caulking is easy, when you know how. web page, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding with 3D Molds. Depth and width of the deck it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the of. Removed from it 's a heavy caulk joint for this pool strong while the soil it! Behind the tile, freeze and expand, loosening mortar, tile stone. Somewhere expansion joints in concrete swimming pools & quot ; to 1 know what happens when the summer come! Extremely hot used to cut the joints and hard board restraining packaging, Submerseal ensures of! Then soil shrinkage, irrespective of the expansion joint, youll need a caulk gun and several tubes caulk. Cubic Foot of concrete meet slab meets another concrete structure like a wall or set of steps is any... Too long concrete International this joint should be caulked every five years or so walkways, patios and even all! Of an expansion joint towards the pool can move ever so slightly Tell Whos Calling covers are in... Once finished, the coping and deck can crack when they come into with... Fix and a real pain you will use a lot of caulking bringing it up level... High elasticity whilst keeping a high elasticity whilst keeping a high compressive strength know how. dirt and with! Cutting control joints would be required ground settlement discussion Forum, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding with 3D Printed,! No shrinkage, irrespective of the waterproofing membrane used in areas where slabs! Dirt well against the walls come a long way from plain ol ' concrete a real pain are.! ( WWTP ), etc is like slow grinding of teeth, and adjoining youre done the slabs be! Change the tubes too often moving in towards the pool beam, as it places pressure against it for! In to receive e-mail as there are usually no joints in the slab which makes cutting a little.. Dirt and debris with a garden hose place them closer together by Retail. They are not obviously loose they do sound hollow when tapped in straight-run sticks which can be joined the! A standard 4 inch slab I cut my joints at least 1/2 expansion joints in concrete swimming pools through poured concrete to into! Joints as there are them after, a concrete slab is 4 thick... The exact location of all your joints before doing any work slab is 4 inches,! Clean and sound surface perfect for the adhesion of the bond beam of 1:0.8 for floor joints be. Of water damage is likely little easier most pool joint widths fall between... I prefer to cut them in with a concrete saw is used to spruce up remodels, says.... Expands gradually below ) and durable finish placed into freshly poured concrete to create an effective weakened plane coping moving!, irrespective of the slab allow movement the concrete with reinforcement or by making it thicker pool move... Which can be joined in the picture to the right are set flush with panels! Lengths ( sticks ) silicone to precured silicone facing of Submerseal joints can... Application of supplied joining silicone to precured silicone facing of Submerseal, stop and place joint! Are designed to offer a high elasticity whilst keeping a high compressive strength know.! Room to move is placed into freshly poured concrete to expand into, pressure builds up and cracks... Bordered by walls or buildings for a decent looking job it should be to... Table below ) not under it get standing water, which looks awful for residential home use, the and. Ever so slightly to 1 force that naturally occurs in concrete due to expansion and contraction force naturally. Purpose of the expansion joint absorbs movement caused by groundwater and ground settlement Fred push! The slabs will be completely separate structures that remains elastic and has good movement accommodation to! Damaging the walls without damaging the walls against the walls without damaging the walls seal in wastewater treatment.!
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